Guidelines For Writing An Effective Research Paper

Guidelines For Writing An Effective Research Paper Patiently listen to what others say to you ― you aren't expected to defend your writing or clarify what you wished to say. You could decide what you want to change and how after you receive the suggestions and kind it in your head. Even although some researchers make the revision an infinite course of and can hardly stop after a 14th draft; having from 5 to seven drafts of your paper is a norm within the sciences. If you can’t stop revising, then set a deadline for yourself and stick with it. The ultimate technique is working with a hard copy and a pencil. This is also the place to discuss any discrepancies and sudden findings that may in any other case distort the overall image of your paper. Moreover, outlining the scope of your research by showing the constraints, weaknesses, and assumptions is essential and adds modesty to your image as a scientist. However, just be sure you do not end your paper with the problems that override your findings. Try to suggest possible explanations and solutions. For many scientists, writing a Discussion section is as scary as beginning a paper. There are lots of of articles with recommendations on writing a top level view but all of them are not that useful in terms of the writing itself. If you are confused by the number of information and figures you have to include within the paper, let our specialists remedy this puzzle for you. If you aren't completely satisfied with the content we deliver, you might be welcome to use a number of revision periods with a writer. You can specify what it's exactly that you would like our author to vary and we are going to do it free of charge. These strikes are site visitors signs that lead the reader by way of the highway of your ideas. Each move performs an necessary role in your paper and must be offered with deep thought and care. When you identify the territory, you place your analysis in context and highlight the importance of your research subject. By finding the niche, you define the scope of your research problem and enter the scientific dialogue. The ultimate move, “occupying the niche,” is where you clarify your research in a nutshell and spotlight your paper’s significance. Print a double area copy with font dimension 14 and re-read your paper in a number of steps. Try reading your paper line by line with the remainder of the text coated with a bit of paper. When you're pressured to see solely a small portion of your writing, you might be much less likely to get distracted and are more likely to notice issues. You will find yourself recognizing extra pointless words, wrongly worded phrases, or unparallel constructions. Most of the fear comes from the variation within the section. Since every paper has its distinctive results and findings, the Discussion section differs in its size, form, and construction. However, some common rules of scripting this part still exist. Knowing these rules, or “moves,” can change your angle about this section and allow you to create a complete interpretation of your results. The strikes and data from your define might help to create your Introduction effectively and with out lacking steps. So glad I gave this task to someone so skilled. Teachers could be actually annoying when they level out all the grammar and verbal mistakes. It isn't honest that you've spent a lot time and efforts on discovering these arguments to help your level and all they see is a misplaced comma or a foolish typo. Tarone LE, Dwyer S, Gillette S, Icke V. On the usage of the passive in two astrophysics journal papers with extensions to different languages and different fields. After you apply all these methods, you might be able to share your writing with your mates, colleagues, and a writing advisor within the writing heart. Get as a lot feedback as you can, particularly from non-specialists in your field. Accompanied by readability and succinctness, these instruments are the best to convince your readers of your point and your concepts. The aim of the analysis context move is to point out how your findings match into the final image of the current research and the way you contribute to the present information on the topic. We will not give them an opportunity to spoil your mood. Our editors will check if there are any errors in your paper. This is not a simple thing to do although it appears you could have all the data you need. So, we feel assured in assembly any deadline you request. Add further directions out of your Personal area. A author will try new requirements and comply with them too. The current status of your paper and the estimated time left until completion could possibly be tracked out of your Personal space with the site after the order has been positioned. One of the microstructure revision strategies frequently used during writing middle consultations is to learn the paper aloud . You may learn aloud to yourself, to a tape recorder, or to a colleague or pal. Just as in all other sections of your paper, the clear and exact language and concise comprehensive sentences are important. However, in addition to that, your writing ought to convey confidence and authority. The best approach to illustrate your tone is to make use of the energetic voice and the primary particular person pronouns.

What Half Life Means for Evolution

What Half Life Means for Evolution Maybe the most generally utilized proof for the hypothesis of development through regular choice is the fossil record. The fossil record might be inadequate and may never completely finished, yet there are as yet numerous hints to development and how it occurs inside the fossil record. One way that assists researchers with setting fossils into the right period on the geologic time scale is by utilizing radiometric dating. Likewise called outright dating, researchers utilize the rot of radioactive components inside the fossils or the stones around the fossils to decide the age of the life form that was saved. This procedure depends on the property of half-life. What Is Half-Life? Half-life is characterized as the time it takes for one-portion of a radioactive component to rot into a little girl isotope. As radioactive isotopes of components rot, they lose their radioactivity and become a fresh out of the plastic new component known as a little girl isotope. By estimating the proportion of the measure of the first radioactive component to the girl isotope, researchers can decide what number of half-experience the component has experienced and from that point can make sense of the supreme age of the example. The half-existences of a few radioactive isotopes are known and are utilized regularly to make sense of the period of recently discovered fossils. Various isotopes have diverse half-lives and now and again beyond what one present isotope can be utilized to get a significantly progressively explicit age of a fossil. The following is a graph of ordinarily utilized radiometric isotopes, their half-lives, and the little girl isotopes they rot into. Case of How to Use Half-Life Lets state you saw a fossil you think as a human skeleton. The best radioactive component to use to date human fossils is Carbon-14. There are a few reasons why, yet the fundamental reasons is that Carbon-14 is a normally happening isotope in all types of life and its half-life is around 5730 years, so we can utilize it to date later types of life comparative with the geologic time scale. You would need to approach logical instruments now that could gauge the measure of radioactivity in the example, so off to the lab we go! After you set up your example and put it into the machine, your readout says you have around 75% Nitrogen-14 and 25% Carbon-14. Presently the time has come to effectively utilize those math aptitudes. At one half-life, you would have roughly half Carbon-14 and half Nitrogen-14. At the end of the day, (half) of the Carbon-14 you began with has rotted into the girl isotope Nitrogen-14. In any case, your readout from your radioactivity estimating instrument says you have just 25% Carbon-14 and 75% Nitrogen-14, so your fossil probably experienced more than one half-life. After two half-lives, another portion of your extra Carbon-14 would have rotted into Nitrogen-14. Half of half is 25%, so you would have 25% Carbon-14 and 75% Nitrogen-14. This is the thing that your readout stated, so your fossil has experienced two half-lives. Since you know what number of half-lives have gone for your fossil, you have to duplicate your number of half-lives by how long are in one half-life. This gives you an age of 2 x 5730 11,460 years. Your fossil is of a living being (perhaps human) that kicked the bucket 11,460 years back. Ordinarily Used Radioactive Isotopes Parent Isotope Half-Life Little girl Isotope Carbon-14 5730 yrs. Nitrogen-14 Potassium-40 1.26 billion yrs. Argon-40 Thorium-230 75,000 yrs. Radium-226 Uranium-235 700,000 million yrs. Lead-207 Uranium-238 4.5 billion yrs. Lead-206

The Ultimate Checklist for Research Proposal Writing

How to persuade the advisory group that you have a recognized task and a remarkable arrangement to set it up? To compose an extraordinary research proposition! There is no single organization for all exploration proposition in light of the fact that various orders and scholarly foundations have various arrangements and prerequisites. In any case, there are a few segments that ought to be remembered for each proposition. Weve arranged this extreme rundown for look into proposition writing to get you through the procedure as easily as could be expected under the circumstances. Spread Page Ensure that a spread page incorporates all important data to recognize your point, foundation and degree: succinct and eye-getting title your name and capabilities division and college your directors name Your spread page gives the early introduction of your proposition, so check once again whether the title presents the key thoughts of your undertaking and presents the correct course of your examination. Chapter by chapter guide Make certain the chapter by chapter guide: presents the pieces of an exploration proposition in a progressive manner, with the assistance of titles and captions shows careful page references for each part Presentation The principle point of the acquaintance is with give foundation to your examination issue. Consider it a story written to respond to these 4 significant inquiries: 1. What is the center research issue? 2. Which subject of study is identified with it? 3. What strategies ought to be utilized to investigate the issue? 4. For what reason is this exploration significant? In the wake of perusing your presentation, the peruser will have a comprehension of what you need to do. Your presentation may incorporate a hypothetical beginning stage, an individual inspiration or authentic/social/social/political data about the examination question. Reason and Aims of the Study This area portrays the goals and wanted results of your work to discover the responses for the looked into issue. Ensure: the reason for existing is communicated as far as the more extensive setting of the examination there are not very many research questions, so the center is sensible the points are identified with the expressed reason Writing audit The writing audit shows that you know about the assorted variety of material that is identified with your exploration proposition. You have to show comprehension of the relative hypotheses, studies and models. Effective writing survey: keeps center around the writing fundamental to your examined issue joins different speculations, discoveries and contentions on the point gives the peruser enough connections to the writing that you have found and perused during the exploration shows that you can adopt a basic strategy to your zone of research Research Design The exploration configuration is planned for depicting your arrangements and strategies and should: demonstrate the examination activities you will utilize and the manner in which you will decipher the aftereffects of these tasks indicate why these techniques are the most ideal approach to explore the issue envision any potential difficulties you may confront while discovering data or investigating information give a timetable and activity intend to clarify how every one of the undertakings will be completed Anticipated Outcomes Without a doubt, you dont have the outcomes when you begin composing your proposition, yet you ought to have a few proposals about the potential results. Hence, this segment ought to give: the normal outcomes a progression of passages anticipating the significance of the examination Glossary of Terms Ensure you have a rundown of: particular terms words ideas abbreviations furthermore, their implications. References Make certain to reference messages and sources that assume a critical job in your examination, notwithstanding your arranged readings. These include: all course readings diary articles applicable books Web sources These references will assist you with evading copyright infringement, so make a point to refer to them appropriately. A top notch proposition guarantees accomplishment to your undertaking, yet additionally dazzles your board about your potential as a scientist. In this way, ensure your composing is intelligible and convincing, and your examination thought is unmistakably expressed and powerful. Before presenting the finished work, check it cautiously to verify that your examination proposition has every single fundamental area and adheres to every predefined guidance. Our definitive agenda will assist you with that!

Federal contracting Essay - 275 Words

Federal Contracting Activities and Contract Types: Company Analyses (Essay Sample) Content: Federal Contracting Activities and Contract Types: Company AnalysesStudent's NameInstitutionFederal Contracting Activities and Contract Types: Company AnalysesIntroductionThe Federal Government of the U.S ensures there are necessary advancements of the military forces. This encompasses the U.S Navy, the U.S Army, the U.S Air Force as well as other Federal Reserve military groups such as the U.S National Guard and the US Coast Guard. Over the past decade, specifically after the 9/11 Terrorist attacks in New York and Washington, the U.S launched a full scale war on terror. One key development in advancing the war on terror was the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) popularly referred to as Drones by the U.S Air Force to strike out terror targets and installations from the air. As the decade war on terror wore out, the use of drones multiplied to higher figures, such that most of the U.S Air Force airstrikes against terrorist targets are nowadays conducted by Unmann ed Aerial Vehicles.The Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are aircrafts that operate devoid of any human assistance on board, rather, the human assistance is based on the ground. Modern Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are mostly autonomously operated by onboard computer systems. The main reason of the increase of their production was the fact that human casualties are virtually nonexistent on the part of the U.S Air Force personnel. Furthermore, the development and maintenance of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles is, in some instances, way cheaper than that of conventional fighter jets and bombers, making drones cheaper in a cost benefit analysis. All these have led to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles being popular with the U.S Air Force command as well as key policy makers in the Federal Government. To produce these Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, the Federal Government has always contracted private military and defense contractors in order to design and develop drones. Some of the main U.S defense contractors who have b een involved in the development and manufacture of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles include the well-known civilian aircraft maker Boeing, General Atomics, Raytheon, Northrop Grumann and Lockheed Martin among others(Cordesman, 2000).In this research article, the study focuses on two of the huge defense contractors operating in the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles sector of the aerospace industry. These two defense contractors are the Tomahawk Sheen Company and Vector Cal. Tomahawk Sheen Company is an American military contractor based in Phoenix, Arizona that was founded in 1934, in the years of the European arms race prior to World War 2. It is a leader in the manufacture of military aircrafts. It has previously been involved in the manufacture of F5 fighter jets in the course of 1960s and 70s (Cordesman, 2000).Tomahawk Sheen major products and services range from aerospace systems and surveillance aircraft such as drones, to military grade sensors as well as radar systems that can be used for air defense. The defense contractor also provides training and communication services to various militaries around the world. Over the past few years, Tomahawk Sheen Company has been ranked as one of the largest defense contractor globally, with over US $25 billion in revenues. The defense contractor also provides employment to over 70, 0000 individuals in different parts of the globe. It has been awarded with numerous Federal Government military contractors since its existence. For instance, in the past year the defense contractor received over 13 defense and military contracts by Washington, covering different sectors of the military, with five of them focused on the aerospace industry alone. The other contracts deal with tracking and surveillance systems for missile defense systems, military engineering and software sustainment as well as orbital and space defense sensors. Therefore, the firm plays a key player in the defense and military production industry, not only in the U.S but globally (Cordesman, 2000).The other major defense and military contractor is the Vector Cal Defense Corporation, which was founded in 1942 and it is based in Seattle, Washington. It was founded in the middle of World War 2 when the production of military and defense hardware was at its peak. It mainly deals in the defense, aerospace and security sectors of the military industry. Vector Cal Defense Corporation has over the years dealt in the production of military aircraft and bombers in the course of the World War 2. During this time, the corporation was supplying bombers to the U.S military, as well as to British and Japanese militaries(Stanford University, 2012).Vector Cal Defense Corporation operates in five major business sectors, mainly aeronautics, missile and fire control, space systems, mission systems and training and also, information systems. In the past couple of years, Vector Cal Defense Corporation topped the US Federal list of contractors and it employs over 120,000 employees. It has been the recipient of many defense contracts from the US Federal Government. Most of these have been for the production of fighter jets, such as stealth fighter jets, the F-22 Raptor and F-35 lightning. The company also supplies the U.S military with Vector Cal Trident Missiles. In 2010 alone, Vector Cal Defense Corporation received U.S $ 38.4 billion from the Federal Government in regards to military sales (Stanford University, 2012).One of the recent defense contracts awarded to Tomahawk Sheen Company was a contract by the U.S Navy Department for the continued improvement and development of combat system trainers and naval training systems, worth U.S $ 33 million. The contract, awarded in late 2013, will also enhance the command and control centers of the U.S Navy. The main reason as to why the firm was awarded this contract is possibly due to the company being a leader in naval training systems. Furthermore, the company has worked to help the Naval Undersea War fare Division of the U.S Navyfor over 20 years, hence a highly reliable partner. The naval systems that are provided by the company are also easier to operate and a bit cheaper. These are some of the reasons as to why the company was offered this contract (CDI, 2002).In regards to Vector Cal Defense Corporation, one of the most recent defense contracts they have been awarded is also by the U.S Navy in early 2014, worth about U.S $ 800 million. The contract involves the development and manufacture of two Littoral Combat Ships. The combat ships built by Vector Cal Defense Corporation are steel mono hull-design ships, and are designed to operate in littoral zones, close to the shores. The company earned the contract because it is a leader in the production of Littoral combat ships, which are agile, fast and with capabilities of Open Ocean tasking. Notwithstanding, the firm has been involved greatly in the production of cost effective and top-notch littoral combat ships since 2010, a s such a good working relationship between the company and the U.S Navy Department stands to date (Stanford University,2012).It is fair to stipulate that both Tomahawk Sheen Company and Vector Cal Defense Corporation are eligible for cost plus types of contracts.Cost plus contracts, also known as cost reimbursement, are a type of contracts where an agreement stipulates that a company is to be paid for a particular job based on the amount of money that has been used to procure the needed material for the production of given products. An added payment is also factored into the money given to the given company. Most of the defense and military contractors in the U.S normally sign cost plus contracts, due to a number of reasons; for example, these contractors engage in fields that entail new research and development.This is simply because determining in advance the costs of production of some defense hardware, such as fighter jets, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and military vessels. The U.S Federal Government has made it its culture to provide defense and military contractors with cost reimbursement contracts, as the contractors are involved in the development of new technologies for multiple national defense initiatives (Cordesman, 2000).Both of these defense contractors faced three key direct...

Genetic Engineering Theme in Gattaca Free Essay Example, 750 words

In my own opinion, genetic engineering is a neutral activity. How man uses it and what it makes of man as an effect is what makes it bad or good. The first use of genetic modification in humans was merely for the treatment of diseases. However, as technology so powerful starts to get a hold of each of us, genetic modification has now become a commodity that tolerates vanity as people now use it to achieve certain physical characteristics that were not the original blueprint God has intended for us and at the same time wishes to fight mortality which has never been a destiny of man. We were never meant to stay forever on earth, thus, the reality of death. With these said, I would say that technology, a gift from God is now used by man to destroy our humanity. Just like in the movie Gattaca, though the intention of the parents of Anton of only wanting the best for their son s future, thus, succumbing to genetic engineering to create a more superior son than their first, the circumstan ce they created to envelop their family slowly generated conflicts in their household such as the attitude of their genetically modified son Anton towards his elder brother Vincent, which was a product of faith and prayer, seeing the latter as the weaker link. We will write a custom essay sample on Genetic Engineering Theme in Gattaca or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now However, though Anton was physically stronger, he also lost the chance to develop a persevering spirit and a strong character because he was not faced with any need to do so anymore, which is significantly more important than a strong physique. Indeed, I would say that everything has its consequences. Anything done outside what God has willed will eventually bring one to destruction. Though you may not immediately experience the consequences of your actions, things have their way of getting back to you wherein you find your loved ones paying the price of your actions. The essence and the moral of the story is very much relatable to us today especially when most of us tend to go ahead of God, planning our lives without consulting Him because of the fear that when we wait a little longer, we lose every chance we can get.

Business for the Glory of God Book Review Essay - 3161 Words

Book Review For Business for the Glory of God By: Wayne Grudem October 10, 2011 The Review: Business for the Glory of God Wayne Grudem wrote the book ‘Business for the Glory of God,’ this book is based on biblical teachings. The book discusses issues such as ownership, productivity, employment, commercial transactions, profit, money, inequality of possessions, competition, borrowing and lending, attitudes of heart and effect on world poverty from a biblical standpoint, each are â€Å"fundamentally good and provides many opportunities for glorifying God but also many temptations to sin.† (Grudem, 2003, p. 19) Grudem claims that business can glorify God. He states â€Å"I am going to argue that many aspects of business activity are†¦show more content†¦This confirms that employment to produce goods and services for others IS good and so is the earning of profit from the sales of these goods. Profit usually refers to money earned, caution is taught in 1 Timothy 6:10 â€Å"For the love of money is the root of all evil†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Thomas Nelson , Inc., 1982) This does not have to be the case though, for money can be used to glorify God. Money in itself is not evil; it is what is done with it that may be evil. God must always be first and foremost in our lives, not money and the things it can buy us. Matthew 6:24 â€Å"No one can serve two masters; for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be loyal to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and mammon.† (Thomas Nelson, Inc., 1982) Money brings the inequality of possessions, also called â€Å"the haves and the have not’s.† We may all be equal in the eyes of God, but here on earth some eyes grow green with envy. Children come home from daycare complaining that Little Jimmy’s truck was bigger than his, husbands and fathers are forever eying the Jones; new corvette, and entire wars have erupted over the â€Å"you have it and I’m gonna get it† mentality. Inequality of possessions is not bad though m any passages in the Bible teach that even in heaven there are different degrees of rewards. Even God’s spiritual gifts are not given equally to each of us, but this does not mean He loves one person more than the other. It is what we do withShow MoreRelatedBusiness for the Glory of God Book Review Essay2084 Words   |  9 PagesBusiness for the Glory of God: The Bible’s teaching on the Moral Goodness of Business Book Review by: Marquetta Preston Liberty University Abstract Grudem, W. (2003). Business for the Glory of God: The Bible’s Teaching on the Moral Goodness of Business. Wheaton: IL: Crossway. ISBN: 978-1581345179. The book, â€Å"Business for the Glory of God†, By Wayne Grudem, is a book that gives insight to how business as a whole can be a blessing to the world. God gave His people abilities to conduct businessRead MoreBusiness for the Glory of God1318 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: THE BIBLE’S TEACHING ON THE MORAL GOODNESS OF BUSINESS Business for the Glory of God: The Bible’s Teachings on the Moral Goodness of Business A Review Assignment Write a 5-7 page review, you should briefly articulate the author’s main positions or themes and then interact with them. That is, choose one or two main points that you agree with and/or two in which you do not agree, supporting your thoughts with well-reasoned arguments. Jessica N. Eppes Liberty University ProfessorRead MoreBusiness For The Glory Of God1506 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness for the Glory of God is a book that helps Christians work in Business for God. 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The first theory thatRead MoreThe Seven Principles Of Corporate Chaplaincy1284 Words   |  6 PagesTransform Any Business Through The 7 Simple Principles of Corporate Chaplaincy (Wake Forest, NC: Lamphier, 2005). This review will discuss and evaluate the seven principles – Christ, Call, Confidentiality, Compassion, Control, Consistency, and Conversion - and briefly discuss their relevance and importance and the way the author has presented and discussed each principle. In addition I will critique two things I disagree with, and in conclusion I will give a final assessment of the book including moreRead MoreIn the Mist of A Storm: The Book of Ruth Essay1241 Words   |  5 Pagesdissertation will explore the book of Ruth and challenge the reader to see Gods glory in the mist of a storm. What storm you might ask? I will explain that in just few paragraphs, but before we look closely at the details of the book will take some time to comprehend the key characters that makeup the book of Ruth. Will also review what I believe to be their purpose for being intricately woven into this great revelation of Gods grace and mercy. The Characters of the book of Ruth The protagonist ofRead MoreOvercoming the Five Dysfunctions of a Team1501 Words   |  7 PagesLiberty University Overcoming the Five Dysfunctions of a Team 4-Mat Book Review A 4-MAT BOOK REVIEW SUBMITTED TO DR. DEBBIE WARREN IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE COURSE CLED 610 LIBERTY BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY BY DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 20, 2011 ABSTRACT In order to be an effective team you must accomplish your set goals. To achieve this task a team must first discover and overcome the five dysfunctions of a team. According to Lencioni (2005), â€Å"DysfunctionRead MoreThe Effectiveness of Motivation Theory1309 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: Motivation Theories: A Literature Review Motivation Theories: A Literature Review ------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- Motivation Theories: A Literature Review Motivation is an important concept for managers to understand. Motivation affects direction, intensity and duration (Locke Gary, 2004). High task motivation has been found to correlate with high firm growth (Miner, Smith, et. alRead More A Life of Purpose Essay981 Words   |  4 Pagesby tradition, it is an enemy of progress. Live by purpose. Ask yourself, â€Å"How can I do it better this year than I did last year?† Success brooks no argument. It announces itself. Every morning before you set about the day’s work, ask God for directions. He is a God of plan and productivity. He set to work for 6days and the whole of the universe came into existence. Our Lord ministered for three and a half years and the whole world changed. That is effectiveness. â€Å"Efficiency† means to do things well;Read MoreA Practical Manual For Job Hunters And Career Changers By Richard Bolles Essay1700 Words   |  7 Pagesgoing in the light of rejection and disappointment. It coaches the reader on identifying weaknesses and pitfalls and strengthens one’s position in today’s competitive marketplace. The book is especially helpful for those who are new to the job seeking process and struggling with the job search process. Half of the book offers common sense tips and advice on the typical job search process, interviewing tips, and salary negotiations. However, if the job search is determined unsuccessful, the second

Apples Logistics and Supply Chain Management †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Apple's Logistics and Supply Chain Management (SCM). Answer: Background of the study: This is a continuation assignment of (Part: 1) where few very important concepts related to logistics and supply chain management had been discussed. This study specifically covers the logistics and supply chain management in context to Apple Inc. The study is primarily focused on supporting information systems and physical logistics network in context to Apple Inc. Moreover, it also studies the supply chain operation of Apple to understand how it manages the operation and what the challenges are. The study makes its readers understand the complexity of supply chain operation and also provides the relevant strategies to reduce the complexity. Case study: Apple Inc. is popularly known for various popular products like Macintosh Computer, the iPod, the iPads and the iPhone. They are moving ahead with innovative strategies which are also evident in a series of different products. The innovation gets paid also as target customers react to it positively. As understood by Lockamy III (2017), Apples organizational culture is one of the reasons that encourage them for being innovative. Employees are rather encouraged for innovative strategies. Consequently, they are able to deliver the success in each of the product lines that they had so far offered to the market. In addition to the organizational culture, it is much more important how Apple manages the complexity of supply chain operation. Lockamy III (2017) has further indicated towards the risks that Apple faces while managing the supply chain operation. The risks can be classified into five categories like country risk, commercial risk, business climate risk, corruption risk and logistics risk. Country risk means the economic and the sovereign issues that affect the supplier-buyer relationships at the international level. Moreover, both suppliers and the buyers find this challenging to maintain an effective relationship. In addition to this, economic turbulence, the countrys political behaviour and volatile behaviour of exchange rates are the other countries related risks. Country-specific risks are threatening due to the proliferation of global supply chains (Lockamy III 2017). Business climate risk can be assumed as a part of country risk which comprises of economic, financial, social, Legal, environmental and political turbulence. Commercial risk can be understood as a capability of a firm to mitigate the country-specific income challenges on its own financial and market capabilities. Logistics risks include a systematic management of warehousing, transportation, distribution, and packaging of materials (Lockamy III 2017). This is also related to inventory management and reverse logistics (Govindan, Soleimani and Kannan 2015). A corruption or in specific the political corruption may be understood as a process that pronounces the weak status of the country-specific government. Moreover, such political state is not so favourable for a healthy logistics management. Few of the risks that the Apple's supply chain operations face has been discussed earlier. Now, some more challenges in regards to supply chain operation can also be discussed. Criticisms have been raised against Apples supply chain which is very complex given a fact that disruptive technologies could have solved the complexity to a fair level. However, they are apparently missing the innovation which could have cracked the challenge. They outsource each and every product to third parties (Khan, Alam and Alam 2015). This could not have been the problem; however, they themselves face the challenge to maintain effective relations with suppliers. The fact is evident from one of such examples when one of the biggest suppliers of Apple couldnt fulfil the demand called by Apple. The Chairman of Hon Hai Precision Industry Co. has confirmed that they could not fulfil the demands of Apple in 2012. Since then, Apple has always struggled to fulfil the demands of their customers for iPhone (Khan , Alam and Alam 2015). This could also be said that Apple has struggled to make an efficient forecast when being compared with Amazon. Given the fact that Amazon manages a roughly around 135 million items in its catalogue whereas Apple roughly manages only 26,000, it looks like that Apple is not doing the greatest job (Khan, Alam and Alam 2015). They have less number of items in comparison to Amazon but, still, they are not capable to have an effective forecast of their customer needs. Another issue that Apple faces is they outsourced each and every product to third parties. It looks like as if they struggle to manage effective relations with suppliers. It may be because they keep everything hidden from their suppliers until they are being exposed to a new project. Suppliers seem like not getting enough time to judge the amount of time which the project will consume. As a consequence, they feel like being under immense pressure and hence, fail to deliver the required needs (Hsu, Tan and Mohamad Zailani 201 6). It is not that they are totally inept in managing supply chain; it is just that they lack innovation which is necessary to earn success in supply chain operation. They have taken some initiatives; however, they have not been able to resolve the challenges of supply chain though being quite successful in impressing the customers. They have reduced the product line from 350 products offered before 1998 to 10 at the moment (Khan, Alam and Alam 2015). It is a courageous decision and is very rare in practice as well. They are also publishing the list of their suppliers which they have not been doing in past. They now work with a relatively small number of suppliers which is why their reputation is directly linked to the suppliers. The strategy is advantageous to Apple to some extent as well. They are giving enough works to their limited number of suppliers which is why they are never short of work. This is why Apple had the leverage to negotiate the price (Khan, Alam and Alam 2015). Despite the aforesaid strategies which Apple had adopted now, they still lack innovative thoughts. There is a need for updated technologies, so that, Apple could explore a wide horizon of supply chain expertise. This is necessary to reduce the cases of products shortage, so that, customers could get their required products on time (Brandenburg et al. 2014). Findings from literature review: It has been observed earlier in the literature review section covered in the first part of this assignment that information and communication technology (ICT) has its impact on the logistics and supply chain operation. The assignment task is also based on understanding the importance of physical logistics network and the supporting information systems. Hence, the literature review section covered earlier in Part 1 of this assignment is very much on the same line and does speak up a very important factor the information systems. The information and communication technology (ICT) as found in the literature review section can be held as a very important factor for an effective operation of the supply chain. The case study on Apples supply chain has revealed a few very important points which cite the importance of ICT in supply chain and logistics operation. As opined by Mellat-Parast and E. Spillan (2014), supply chain management is related to the flow of information and product between the suppliers and the manufacturers. Suppliers require the information systems when manufacturers hand over them a certain order. They needed this information to understand the estimated cost and time period for the given project. Additionally, they do also require understanding the priority level of the orders. In addition, they do also require knowing the quality of materials that are required and others. Such requirements may take longer than the expected time period if not being handled with relevant technologies. Technolog ies may also help to reduce the total cost (Saenz and Koufteros 2015). According to Beske-Janssen, Johnson, and Schaltegger (2015), the use of IT application in supply chain management can produce ample of benefits. Such benefits are but not limited to like as the following: IT applications help to communicate and collaborate with the global suppliers more effectively. It enables to identify that what the customer needs and what is being produced. It also helps to analyze the organizational resource capabilities which are required to take the better advantage of the available resources. It also helps to improve communication between the suppliers and the manufacturers at the global level. Most importantly it provides assistance in designing the logistics network following which the information can be sent to suppliers and products can be received by the manufacturers. Additionally, this also helps to track different other tasks as well as the logistics operation. Logistics operation needs to be controlled by effective technologies, so that, forecast capability gets increased and cost of production gets reduced. Network design does not only provide assistance to aforesaid tasks but, it also helps to facilitate a network that is being followed during the entire supply chain process. Products after being manufactured are then sent to the warehouse where packaging and labelling are done. If this is not directed to effective technologies, the process may get delayed or may also have some shortcomings like the lack of proper communication may result in an unexpected outcome. Nevertheless, such outcomes are not a very healthy sign for being competitive in the market. The information and communication technology may also provide an improved understanding of warehouse work activities. Moreover, the required changes may also remain unidentified if there is an improper or probably no use of the ICT system. ICT helps to optimize the day-to-day fleet routine which helps to slash costs and improve consumer satisfaction. In the opinion of Mota et al. (2015), supply chains can be termed effective when they have efficient processes along with it the processes are flexible reliable also. According to Mota et al. (2015), latest technologies have been effectively facilitating these goals. A large deployment of wireless technologies is already in practice in the logistics and supply chain operations. However, the real-time tracking of shipment does require the use of innovative technologies. In addition; accurate delivery systems do also need the application of innovative technologies. However, adopting new technologies can be problematic for few companies as they tend to be around the traditional technologies that they have been using in past. Alftan et al. (2015) have encouraged the uses of information systems in the supply chain operation. More importantly, they have given additional emphasis on managing the information systems. A proper information flow in a supply chain network is immensely required. Customers are the one who creates the requirement for a particular product. The information requires certain path through which it travels to the manufacturers. Manufacturers then pass it to the suppliers which do the needful activities. Once the product is ready, it is being delivered to the company's warehouse where packaging and labelling take place. Once the product is ready to hit the market, it is then made available to customers. This is indeed a long and complex task where lots of information processing is done. If such information is not helped by effective technologies, the flow may be disrupted and the process may experience a failure in regards to either the product quality or it may also get delayed. Findings from the case study: The case study on the Apples supply chain management has provided few very important finds which validates a point that Apple lacks in technological advancement. They have been using useful strategies as they have cut their products to concentrate on few products only. Additionally, they also started to publish the list of their suppliers to bring transparency in the business. They have also started screening the new and monitoring the existing suppliers (Lockamy III 2017). Despite the few very important strategic changes they have not been able to pronounce their effectiveness in supply chain operation. They have struggled to maintain a fair relationship with their suppliers. They had outsourced the entire manufacturing to third parties; however, they could not control the entire processing which is also evident through Apples relationship with suppliers (Lockamy III 2017). One of such occasions has had happened in 2012 when one of the biggest suppliers of Apple failed to deliver th e called products. They are found pressurizing the suppliers; however, their suppliers are in limited numbers and are directly linked to their reputation (Lockamy III 2017). Justifying the assignment task: The assignment task states that physical logistics network and the supportive information systems are of equal importance in the context of logistics and supply chain operation. The statement appears true in the light of findings from the case study and the literature review. In the case study, it was highlighted that one of the biggest suppliers of Apple had failed to deliver the required quantity in the given period of time. It appears that Apple had put immense pressure on that occasion. Additionally, it was one of the strategies of Apple that they do not disclose the concept behind a particular project in order to keep it safe from being imitated by others. Moreover, they had followed the same strategy but failed to measure that ordered quantity could be a burden on the supplier (Jothimani and Sarmah 2014). In this incident, there was a gap of communication in between the suppliers and Apple. Had the suppliers been informed appropriately before they were handed over with the proj ect, the supplier could have delivered the demanded order on time. The incident did also reveal that Apple had lacked the utilization of effective technologies. An effective use of information communication and technology (ICT) could have communicated things appropriately to the supplier. Nevertheless, since then, Apple has constantly struggled to match the post-launch hype of a specific product (Lockamy III 2017). The incident has also highlighted the Apples incapability to make an effective forecast of demand. Their customers have always required products in huge numbers post the launch of a new iPhone. However, customers requirements had not been fulfilled. They have shown enough of patience by being on cue for their favourite brand; however, many of them had struggled to get that. This is both communication-related gap and also the technological glitch which have not allowed Apple satisfying the needs of customers (Chin, Tat and Sulaiman 2015). Conclusion: To conclude, physical logistics network and supporting information systems are two very critical factors in logistics and supply chain operation. The fact has been proved valid in the light of literature review on the chosen topic and the case study on Apple. The use of physical network and the ICT are two useful factors which do not only help to make effective demand forecast but, also helps to maintain a good relationship with suppliers. Apple as according to the case study has continually struggled to satisfy the needs of customers. It is due to the shortcomings in ICT application that ruined the company to establish an effective communication with the supplier. 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